Author :
Abstract
Tarihi boyunca çok sayıda hanedanlık tarafından yönetilmiş olan Kore, Asya’nın kuzeydoğu köşesinde yer alan bir yarımada ülkesidir. Batıda Çin, kuzeyde Rusya olmak üzere iki büyük komşuya sınırken; doğu ve güneyde ise Japon adaları ile karşı karşıyadır. Kurulan ilk Kore devleti olan Eski Joseon, ülke tarihinde süregelen önemli etkilere neden olmuştur. Bu devletin Çin’in Han Hanedanlığı tarafından yıkılması ülke tarihi açısından adeta bir dönüm noktasıdır. Zira bu tarihten itibaren bölgede teşkil edilen dört Çin idari bölgesi, ülkede birçok alanda etkileri halen hissedilen Çin kültürünün yayılmasına sebep olurken; özellikle Konfüçyanizm, Kore’de ticaretten endüstriye, sosyal yaşamdan eğitime varıncaya değin derin izler bırakmıştır. Ülkede gelişmiş bir para sisteminin olmayışı alışveriş ve vergi toplanmasında her türlü eşyanın kullanılması nakliye hususunda sıkıntılara yol açmıştır. Coğrafi konumu doğrultusunda dünyanın en büyük çaptaki gelgit olaylarının gerçekleştiği bölge oluşu da bir yandan denizciliğin gelişimini önlerken, öte yandan ise pek çok deniz kazasına neden olmuştur. Tüm bu yaşananlar her ne kadar olumsuz bir görüntü sergilese de, vergi karşılığında alınan eşyaların toplandığı bölgeler ekonomik anlamda kalkınırken, seramik endüstrisinin gelişimine de sahne olmuştur. Ayrıca kazalardan çıkarılan seramikler, dönemin seramikçiliği konusunda önemli bilgiler edinmemize yardımcı olmuştur. Pamuk tohumunun 1370’lerde Güney Çin’i ziyaret eden Koreli bir aydın tarafından ülkeye getirilmesi Kore giyiminde devrim yaratacak ipliğin üretimine sebep olmuştur. Ayrıca ipeğin kutsal addedildiği ülkede ipek üreticiliği daima hanedanlıklar tarafından teşvik edilmiştir. İpek Yolu üzerinde bulunması nedeniyle dış dünya ile ticari ilişkilerde bulunduğu anlaşılan Kore’de kılıç üretimi de önemli bir yer tutmakta idi. Ancak Konfüçyanizm öğretileri doğrultusunda, yani güçlü komşularına rağmen, savaşın pek hoş görülmeyişi, kılıç ustalarının yurt dışına çıkmasına dolayısıyla da bu alanda üretimin durağanlaşmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. Ağırlıklı olarak yabancı kaynaklar kullanılarak hazırladığımız bu çalışmamızda Kore’nin coğrafi konum ve şartların, özellikle de Çin istilasının ardından bu ülke kültürünün benimsenmesiyle şekillenmiş olan Ortaçağ’da Kore devleti ele alınmıştır.
Keywords
Abstract
Korea is a peninsular country, locates at the north eastern corner of Asia, ruled by numerous dynasties throughout her history. China to the west and Russia to the north Korea has two major neighbours; also at the east and south facing with the Japan islands. Old Joseon, the first established Korean state had significant continuing effects in the history of the country and the collapse of that state by Han Dynasty China was a turning point. After that invasion, while four Chinese administrative regions were established in Korea which led to spread the Chinese culture that is still felt in the country; particularly Confucianism left a great impress in Korea from trade to industry and also social life to education. In Korea, the lack of an advanced monetary system and instead of it using all kinds of goods in tax collection and trading caused so many difficulties in transporting them. Relating to its geographical location largest tides of the world in that region not only prevented the improvement of maritime but also caused shipwrecks. Although all of them had shown a negative image, regions that the warehouses were established in, at the banks of the sea and river, developed in the economical sense and ceramics industry. Furthermore the ceramics were recovered from shipwrecks helped us to obtain important information about the ceramics of that period. In 1370’s the introduction of cotton seed to the county by a Korean intellectual, who visited South China, led the production of thread that would revolutionize Korea’s clothing. Silk production was always encouraged by the dynasties in Korea where fabric of silk was considered sacred. In Korea, commercial relations with the outside world. The sword production also took a crucial place, but through the teachings of Confucianism, in other words, despite her strong neighbours, its (Confucianism) refusing tolerate the war made the sword masters to leave the country that was caused a stagnation in sword production. Our subject in this study, preparing by using mainly foreign sources is Korea’s improvement during the historical process, also her geographical location and conditions; and her being shaped by means of the adoption of Chinese culture after Chinese invasion in medieval era.
Keywords
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- Üretilen gümüş külçe (sağda)69 68 Ho, 2014: 271 69 Ho, 2014: 272.
